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Redesign of SpaceX Falcon 9 Second Stage Merlin Engine 1DV+

Redesigning the SpaceX Merlin 1DV+ vacuum engine from a LOX/RP-1 open gas-generator cycle to a high-performance LOX/CH4 fuel-rich staged combustion closed cycle, including comprehensive component sizing and CFD validation.
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Mirko

Project Timeline

Feb 2023 - Aug-2023

HighlightS

  • Propulsion Architecture Redesign: Successfully transitioned the Merlin engine to a fully cryogenic LOX/CH4 fuel-rich staged combustion cycle
  • Thermodynamic Cycle Optimization: Developed an iterative thermodynamic cycle model to balance turbopump power requirements against turbine energy extraction
  • Nozzle Contour Engineering: Designed an optimized 70% equivalent-length bell nozzle utilizing Rao’s Method of Characteristics to minimize divergence and shock losses
  • CFD Flow Validation: Executed a 2D axisymmetric CFD simulation using Ansys Fluent to accurately map boundary layers, Mach regimes, and temperature gradients, cross-validating the analytical nozzle expansion data.
  • Thermal Management: Engineered a 1D steady-state heat transfer model integrating supercritical methane regenerative cooling with high-emissivity Niobium radiative dissipation

SKILLS

MATLAB
NASA CEA
3D CAD (SolidWorks)
CFD (Ansys Fluent)

External Links

Project Statement

Falcon 9 is a two-stage partially reusable rocket launcher, designed and built by SpaceX. The rocket’s first stage is completely recovered and reused, while the 2nd stage is always expended. At the heart of its propulsion system lies the famous Merlin 1DV+, a LOX/RP−1 gas generator open cycle engine.

After a brief but not shallow analysis of the propulsion system, the redesign starts by closing the cycle, and then changing the propellant combination, making a new 2nd stage engine using LOX/CH4: more environmentally friendly, less expensive in terms of overall costs and probably more powerful, but regarding this it is necessary to deepen it, analyzing and comparing both engines. T

his research paper dedicates special attention to meticulously scrutinizing each component of the redesigned engine. It encompasses elements such as turbopumps, turbines, thrust chamber and the implementation of regenerative and radiative cooling mechanisms, all intrinsically linked to the process of sizing the engine’s nozzle. Finally it is possible to find an appendix with a deeper analysis of all the background aspects that concern every component design and the tools exploited.